Open Source Repositories and Languages
Open Source Software development with a contemporary codebase is the gold standard for innovation, prioritizing transparency, collaboration, and modernity produces more effective and efficient tooling.
Key Insights
Across the metrics we used to evaluate Open Source Software development, the same leading and trailing agencies were revealed. This fact, combined with the cross-cutting sizes, missions, and budgets of the agencies, shows that commitment to OSS is a matter of culture and prioritization.
Nine out of ten environmental agencies have both Python and R among their most used open source languages. Both are extremely popular with data and social scientists, implying that these open source projects are supporting evidence-based policy making.
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Open source software refers to code that is freely available and may be redistributed, modified, and used by any party. The value of OSS is somewhat context dependent, but several elements are consistent and applicable for environmental agencies. OSS is more cost effective, secure, reliable, and scalable than proprietary products. It is a naturally cross-silo forum where solutions developed by one environmental organization may be easily reproduced and expanded by another.
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Open source software development is a vehicle for transforming open collaboration into a viable, scalable technology solution. Innovation is fundamentally driven by this manner of openness. Innovative organizations succeed by harnessing mission contributions from diverse sources. By working in the open, environmental agencies will benefit from community contributions and create tools that are usable by aligned organizations, stretching the investment for even greater returns. Beyond the practical benefits, OSS is attractive to innovative tech talent and signals that the agency is a workplace where mission-driven innovators can have an impact commensurate with their skills.
The transparency of OSS can also improve the contracting process. Potential external partners can refine proposals and provide proofs of concept more easily for agencies that develop in the open. Partners can answer many of their own questions prior to engaging with the agency by reviewing OSS, reducing the burden on internal staff who manage proposal processes. Finally, open development gives partners a clear window into the technologies and architectures agencies use. A detailed understanding of those factors will ease workflow and compatibility hurdles down the line, reducing costs and shortening timelines.
In addition to agencies’ overall OSS presence, we broke down the programming languages they use most frequently among their OSS projects. Codebases that focus on popular and interoperable languages are more likely to attract a variety of contributors and lead to adoption by other organizations. While the OSS codebase is not necessarily reflective of the agency’s organizational codebase, it does provide clues.
Agencies Diverge Widely in their Use of OSS Development
Environmental Agency | Github Repositories | Unique Contributors | Commit Count | Repositories per Million* |
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | 512 | 4,506 | 323,613 | 0.223 |
Environmental Protection Agency | 290 | 951 | 83,082 | 0.196 |
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | 63 | 203 | 5,503 | 0.105 |
National Park Service | 59 | 171 | 10,187 | 0.100 |
U.S. Geological Survey | 50 | 305 | 32,851 | 0.043 |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | 21 | 31 | 2,287 | 0.065 |
Bureau of Reclamation | 7 | 40 | 1,421 | 0.014 |
Forest Service | 7 | 69 | 14,394 | 0.003 |
Natural Resources Conservation Service | 5 | 8 | 130 | 0.009 |
Bureau of Land Management | 2 | 3 | 11 | 0.004 |
*The number of OS repositories divided by the amount of mission and mission-related IT funding.
Takeaways and Next Steps
Open source software is an ROI multiplier. The more projects an agency can make public, the further they are stretching their IT dollars by engaging outside technologists and seeding mission-aligned actions by outside organizations. Using established, popular, effective programming languages enhances these effects. Several agencies already have robust open source environments, but most do not. On the flip side, most agencies are making good use of modern programming languages supplemented by those specialty languages that fit their particular purposes. For agencies that aren’t yet leveraging open source development extensively, having an accessible codebase is a great starting point. Building from that foundation, agencies that want to leverage the advantages of OSS should consider:
Guidance on code.gov designed to help agencies work in the open while complying with relevant laws and regulations.
Exploring the offerings at Open Sustainable Technology for projects of interest and best practices in environmental open source work.
Checking out one anothers’ open repositories to discover collaborations waiting to begin.
Open Source Codebases are Largely
Contemporary and Popular
Methodology →
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Last data pull: November 2024
Data vintage: FY22-FY24
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The number of OS repositories divided by the amount of mission and mission-related IT funding.